The first Japanese plum trees were brought for testing to The National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice in the 1970s from Hungary. Most of these cultivars result from hybridization between P. However, in recent decades, the situation has changed due to the gradual warming of the climate and progress in breeding of new cultivars with very attractive fruit and relatively late flowering of trees, which are less exposed to spring frosts. In countries of Central and Northeast Europe, interest in this plum was lower due to less favorable climatic conditions. The Japanese plum reached Europe later than the USA and it spread mainly in the Mediterranean countries. They were characterized by increased frost resistance and became common in production. salicina and American plum ( Prunus americana Marsh.). Later, cultivars resulted from crosses between P. Japanese plum cultivars spread to cultivation in the USA thanks to a breeding program initiated in 1875 by Luther Burbank. Japanese plum trees differ from European plum trees in terms of many morphological features, and the fruits are distinguished by size, aroma, color of the skin, and fruit storage capacity. salicina) are characterized by their high abundance and variability when compared to other tree crops. European plum trees start bearing fruit early, and most cultivars yield abundantly and annually. and their cultivation has a long tradition. Almost all of the plum cultivars grown in Poland in commercial orchards belong to P. One type is European plums ( Prunus domestica L.) and the second is Japanese plums ( Prunus salicina Lindl.). Two types of plum dominate in the world of commercial cultivation. salicina is generally considered to be diploid, tetraploids have also been recorded in this species. maackii, and hexaploids (2n = 6x = 48), such as P. There are also several tetraploids (2n = 4x = 32), such as P. Most of the species are diploid (2n = 2x = 16), e.g., P. The somatic chromosome number of various Prunus species varies from diploid to hexaploid. The basic chromosome number in Prunus is x = 8. The genus Prunus, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, includes over 35 species that are native to Europe, Asia, and America. Among the assessed Japanese plum cultivars, those with round fruit, dark skin with various shades of purple, yellow flesh, and A cytometric analysis showed that almost all cultivars are diploid, except for ‘Herkules’ (possibly pentaploid) and ‘Yevraziya’ (possibly hexaploid or aneuploid). ‘Blue Gigant’, ‘Black Amber’, and ‘Herkules’ had the largest fruits, and ‘Chuk’ and ‘Inese’ cultivars produced the smallest fruits. ‘Tsernushka’, ‘Chuk’, ‘Dofi Sandra’, ‘Early Golden’, ‘Ewierch Rannyj’, ‘Yevraziya’, ‘Gek’, ‘General’, ‘Kometa’, ‘Kometa Late’, ‘Maschenka’, and ‘Naidyona’ trees also yielded well. Based on the assessment of tree productivity, ‘Barkhatnaya’, ‘Inese’, ‘Shater’, ‘Tatyana’, and ‘Vanier’ are the best for growing in the climate of Central Europe. Most of the cultivars belonged to early season cultivars, the fruits of which ripened in July. The trees of Japanese plum started flowering early, usually in the first or second decade of April. ‘Barkhatnaja’, ‘Blue Gigant’, ‘Shater’, and ‘Tatyana’ trees were characterized by weak growth. ‘Barkhatnaya’ and ‘Tatyana’ cultivars turned out to be very susceptible to sharka. The trees of most cultivars remained healthy, with no signs of damage. Relatively mild winters with sporadic temperature drops to nearly −21 ☌ in January of 20 caused slight damage to several cultivars of Japanese plum insufficiently resistant to frost. Research on the resistance to frost, susceptibility to sharka, flowering biology, fruit setting, yield, and ploidy levels of 36 Japanese plum cultivars (mostly hybrids of Prunus salicina with Prunus cerasifera) were carried out in 2015–2020 at the Experimental Orchard located in Dąbrowice near Skierniewice.
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